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IntelTrade Citi is a scam company that promises big profits in the Forex market, but it's really just a ploy to trick people and take their money. In this article we will explain why IntelTrade Citi are scammers you should be afraid of and how to spot them.

IntelTrade Citi is a company that offers trading signals and automated Forex trading systems. They promise big profits and easy money, but it's really just a ploy to scam people and take their money.

First of all, IntelTrade Citi is not licensed to provide financial services. This means that they are not regulated or supervised by regulatory authorities, which makes them very dangerous for investors.

Second, IntelTrade Citi uses tactics commonly used by scammers, such as fake reviews and reviews that are actually written by company employees. They also use tactics such as scare tactics and intimidation to get people to invest in their company.

Thirdly, IntelTrade Citi is not transparent in their business and does not provide any information about their trades or results. This means that you cannot check their results and see if they are actually making a profit.

Fourth, IntelTrade Citi uses tactics commonly used by scammers, such as promising big profits without any proof. They promise big profits but provide no evidence to back up their claims.

In conclusion, IntelTrade Citi are Forex scammers that you should be afraid of. They use tactics commonly used by scammers and are not transparent in their trading. They promise big profits but do not provide any evidence to back up their claims. Therefore, if you want to invest in the Forex market, you should avoid IntelTrade Citi and look for other, more reliable companies.

If you have been scammed by this company and don't know how to get your money back - contact us forum.pl.jack@gmail.com. We will help you get justice!

Hey there, crypto enthusiasts! Today we're tackling a sneaky little con-app that's been creeping into the limelight lately. It's time to pull back the curtain on BlockFolio Trade Investments and expose its dirty tricks. Are you ready to dive in and decrypt this dodgy operation?

When it comes to cryptocurrency trading, it's essential to be cautious of potential pitfalls. Unfortunately, BlockFolio Trade Investments is one such pitfall. It's a seemingly sleek mobile app that promises the allure of easy crypto investment, but behind the shiny facade, it's a twisted web of deceit.

Red Flags:

• No Legitimacy: A quick visit to the App Store or Google Play will confirm one glaring fact: BlockFolio Trade Investments isn't backed by any reputable financial institution. It operates in the shadows, devoid of any legitimate accreditation or regulatory oversight. This should be your first warning sign.
• Unverifiable Claims: The app boasts about its "incredible success" and claims to have "thousands of satisfied users." But when you try to verify these claims, you hit a brick wall. There are no transparent reports, no third-party audits, and no user reviews outside the app itself. It's like they're hiding something.
• Money Disappearing Acts: Many unfortunate users have reported a recurring theme: their investments seemingly disappear into thin air. Payments made through the app result in no transactions on the blockchain, and withdrawals often seem to get "stuck" for days or even weeks. It's a nightmare scenario for any crypto enthusiast.
• No Transparency: The app's terms and conditions are filled with vague language and convoluted jargon that gives them wide latitude to do as they please with your funds. It's a classic tactic to evade responsibility and legalize fraud.
• Aggressive Marketing: The developers behind BlockFolio Trade Investments pour much of their resources into flashy ads and aggressive marketing campaigns. They know that inexperienced investors are often lured by the promise of quick and easy profits, so they work hard to create a deceptive image.

The crypto realm is already complex enough, and navigating it requires due diligence and caution. The unfortunate case of BlockFolio Trade Investments serves as a cautionary tale to all potential investors. If something seems too good to be true, it usually is.

When considering any crypto investment app, ensure it's reputable, transparent, and regulated. It's always better to be safe than sorry, especially when your hard-earned money is on the line.

Until BlockFolio Trade Investments can provide genuine transparency, verifiable user reviews, and a reliable track record, it's best to steer clear and protect yourself from this apparent con-app.

If you have been scammed by this company and don't know how to get your money back - contact us forum.pl.jack@gmail.com. We will help you get justice!

Stay vigilant, folks!

Attention all traders and investors! We want to warn you about a fraudulent broker called A-Capital, which deceives people and takes their money.

A-Capital is a company that offers trading services in the Forex market. This company promises its clients big profits and low commissions, but in reality it is just a scam.

We investigated and found out that A-Capital uses various tricks to cheat their clients. For example, they may use fake trading signals or manipulate prices to make customers make bad trades. They may also charge hidden commissions and charge extra withdrawal fees.

Moreover, A-Capital may use fake reviews and testimonials to attract new customers. They may even use so-called "brokers" who are actually employees of the company to convince customers that the company is reliable.

We strongly recommend that you stay away from A-Capital and any other fraudulent brokers. Before choosing a broker, it is important to do your research and check their reputation and reviews.

Remember that there are many honest and reliable Forex brokers in the Forex market and you should not risk your money with scammers. Be careful and stay up to date with the latest news about Forex market scammers.

If you have been scammed by this company and don't know how to get your money back - contact us forum.pl.jack@gmail.com. We will help you get justice!

You've got to be cautious when it comes to the foreign exchange market. While there are legitimate ways to invest and trade, there are also schemes like TRX Pool that you should avoid at all costs. In this article, we'll be revealing the truth about TRX Pool and why it's a scam that you should keep well away from.

TRX Pool presents itself as a decentralized trading platform for Forex and crypto trading. On the surface, their website and marketing materials make lofty claims of guaranteed high returns and daily profits, which should immediately trigger your scepticism. There's no such thing as a guaranteed return when it comes to investing.

Here's how it works. TRX Pool typically operates with a pyramid scheme structure where early investors are paid with the investments of new users. The scammers usually reward those who bring in new members, which encourages people to recruit others into the scheme. This type of model works well in the beginning when there's a buzz around the platform and new users are flooding in.

But just like any pyramid scheme, TRX Pool is unsustainable and destined to collapse. The scammers running the platform usually disappear with the invested funds, leaving investors empty-handed. Unfortunately, many people fall victim to these types of schemes due to the promise of quick financial gains and lack thorough research.

The TRX Pool scam is filled with red flags that you should be aware of. Here are some of them:

1. No Transparency: Genuine investment platforms thrive on transparency. This includes detailed information about the company's ownership, history, and location. However, TRX Pool provides little to no information about its operators. This is a major warning sign, as legitimate businesses have nothing to hide.

2. Unrealistic Promises: Claims of extremely high returns in a short time are a classic sign of a scam. In reality, investing carries risks, and earning a high ROI takes time and expertise.

3. Pressure to Recruit: If you encounter a platform that emphasizes recruiting new members to earn commissions, it's likely a pyramid scheme. These schemes rely on new members to sustain the illusion of profitability.

4. No Regulatory Oversight: Forex and crypto trading platforms should be regulated by appropriate financial authorities. Check for licenses and regulatory information to ensure that the platform you're considering is legitimate.

5. Shady Marketing Techniques: Use of exaggerated earnings claims, vague statements, and overly- convinient excuses for when the platform experiences issues. These are all tactics used by scammers to maintain control and keep you invested.

6. Platform Failure: Scam platforms often malfunction during withdrawal requests, extended downtime, and other issues that serve the interests of the scammers.

As with any investment or trading opportunity, it's essential to be cautious and do your research. The foreign exchange market is complex, and investing in it comes with risks. There are plenty of legitimate investment opportunities out there, so don't be in a rush and don't let excitement or the fear of missing out cloud your judgment.

If you have any questions about TRX Pool or Forex scam in general, please don't hesitate to ask.

If you have been scammed by this company and don't know how to get your money back - contact us forum.pl.jack@gmail.com. We will help you get justice!

There are a lot of scammers on Forex at the moment, however, fortunately, the symptoms of scammers remain the same and if there are the right signs, it is not so difficult to see scammers.

The Forex broker Zeta Hedge was opened in mid-2023. This fact already suggests that even if Zeta Hedge are not scammers, this already indicates their unsatisfactory competence. Zeta Hedge's office, according to the company itself, is located in the Marshall Islands. This is a well-known tax-free zone. Scammers purposefully create their firms in such gray areas in terms of accountability and the ability to be punished. Funds from firms with offshore jurisdiction are much more difficult to recover.

There are no commissions for transactions and withdrawals in Zeta Hedge, which is already questionable. Zeta Hedge also gives bonuses at registration up to 300% and within other bonus systems. Also, unlike other brokerage firms, Zeta Hedge does not ask for documents to confirm identity. Therefore, any investor can register, including those who are blacklisted.

The key disadvantage of Zeta Hedge is that they are deceivers. Other disadvantages are not inspiring either. The Zeta Hedge support service is not responding. Zeta Hedge does not withdraw money and, in principle, it is extremely difficult to return funds from Zeta Hedge. A very simple platform is the third problem. There is no normal functionality on the platform. Next, we will go through the weaknesses and strengths in more detail, and also talk about how to return the money.

Apart from registering in the dark zone, Zeta Hedge has other properties of criminals:
1. An impressive number of negative articles on Zeta Hedge;
    2. A small number of positive articles on Zeta Hedge;
    3. Positive reviews of this organization are not natural;
    4. Positive reviews on Zeta Hedge are of the same type and primitive, which indicates their artificiality;
    5. An impressive number of negative opinions;
    6. Discrepancy between the agreed length of service of the company and the time of registration of the company and Zeta Hedge.com;
    7. Aggressive marketing and the promise of the highest profits;
    8. The lack of explicitly defined terms of cooperation;
    9. An overly primitive online platform with a very small range of tools, including the most common ones;
    10. Ignoring by the support service;
    11. Lack of permits and presence of Zeta Hedge in the official lists of brokerage regulators;
    12. The presence of Zeta Hedge in the blacklists of regulators;
    13. It is unrealistic to withdraw invested money from Zeta Hedge;
    14. Annoying behavior of representatives of Zeta Hedge.

Everything is clear with the first point, this is one of the most important indicators of fraudsters. It should be added that the first critical articles began to be created just a couple of weeks after the appearance of the brokerage firm. In addition, there are very few positive reviews on Zeta Hedge and their authenticity is easy to establish. In these reviews, it is simply stated that Zeta Hedge is a legal broker, gives you the opportunity to earn money, and so on. However, all these promises are not supported by any facts.

All the same applies to responses to the company. Positive reviews are published from newly created accounts. These reviews are the first reviews from these accounts. The positive ratings of Zeta Hedge in the reviews are also not reasoned by anything, and the negative opinions are confirmed by screenshots. Angry opinions are left from real accounts, from which there was activity before leaving an opinion on the company under discussion. The ratio of negative reviews to positive ones is about 9 negative opinions to 1 positive one.

The reviews on Zeta Hedge in the article format are also artificial, as one would expect. Interestingly, the articles on various sites are almost identical. Most likely, the scammers from Zeta Hedge wanted not to bother creating various artificial articles. The sameness of the reviews is not the only problem with them. A huge amount of this material is posted on forums with a terrible reputation.

Interestingly, the Zeta domain ZetaHedge.com it was established in 2023, despite the fact that the office claims that they have been providing services for several years. Of course, some company can replace their domain, but this is not necessary and if you take into account all the other facts, the conclusion is obvious. The managers of the pseudo broker Zeta Hedge are obviously lying.

In its advertising, Zeta Hedge guarantees a minimum monthly income of 400% of the deposit amount. Can you imagine? Even the largest brokerage organizations, which turned out to be a scam, offered smaller amounts. Zeta Hedge also guarantees profit, which is also basically impossible.

All that Zeta Hedge gives you is guaranteed to earn. A legal brokerage organization that has the necessary documents will clearly specify the scope of work in the following forms:
    • In the public offer;
    • At the time of initial interactions, representatives of the brokerage company should say the most important questions;
    • In addition to the public offer, there must be documents on the broker's website where it is written.
This lack of everything indicates the amateurish approach of this organization. Of course, but somehow it should not have been, because the absence of an explicitly designated framework means that those who give these scammers their phones are most likely that they do not know how it should be in reality. It's a kind of filter. Such facts allow scammers to separate those investors who know how it should be, which means that they will have to spend time on them and it will be much more difficult to steal money.

.Zeta Hedge has a primitive platform. There are many common technical analysis indicators on the platform, and this fact also indicates the problematic nature of Zeta Hedge. Apparently, Zeta Hedge doesn't even know about such things. If Zeta Hedge cared even a little bit about the quality of their service, they would eventually introduce all the necessary tools because of investor complaints. In other words, the scammers would have found out about it anyway thanks to feedback from customers.

The Zeta Hedge support service essentially never gives an answer to traders' requests. It seems that the support service function is basically present for beauty and nothing more.

This is the most important criterion for fraud. Even bad reviews and everything else are not guaranteed to indicate a scam. However, a brokerage company must have at least one license. In principle, European brokerage companies have five or more licenses. The availability of brokerage permits ensures that the financial flows of the brokerage company are controlled by regulatory structures and, if necessary, these funds can be frozen. And to get these documents, you need to register a real company with competent analysts.

From the reviews on Zeta Hedge, it is obvious that their cheating scheme is one of the most common. Zeta Hedge was created in an offshore zone and attracts poorly experienced investors. Scammers fake profits on the platform and advise you to replenish the investor's account again for as large an amount as possible, justifying this by saying that replenishment will maximize profits. If the investor shrugs off and wants to withdraw funds, then it is clear that no one will give the money to the trader. The victim is called and told that a commission must be paid for the withdrawal of funds and thereby strive to earn more money.

Zeta Hedge are typical scammers with the whole set of signs ranging from lack of a license to responses. The broker has a primitive platform. There are no licenses on the site and a non-functioning support service. And besides, Zeta Hedge promises unrealistic profits. Here is a short list of advantages and disadvantages
    • Low commissions;
    • Lack of verification;
    • Give bonuses.
    • Zeta Hedge scammers;
    • It is very difficult to return the money;
    • There are no documents;
    • The support service is almost unresponsive

Fortunately, even if you transferred money to scammers in cryptocurrency, you can still get your money back. How? The global financial system is very interconnected and most of it consists of only a few dozen multinational banks. Fraudsters withdraw funds exclusively through these banks and, as experience shows, it is possible to track and collect these funds. If there is information about several victims and how much money these victims gave to scammers, then using these figures it is quite possible to track a chain of financial transactions with identical figures and geographical reference. In order to do this, you need to contact a competent law firm that will be able to quickly and competently send a complaint and, thanks to this, manage to block the accounts of scammers and return your money. Fortunately, as practice shows, by contacting forum.pl.jack@gmail.com you get a serious chance to return the lost funds. The statistics of successful returns is 80%. The sooner you write to us, the greater the chance of a refund.

There are a lot of Forex scammers in today's realities, nevertheless, fortunately, the indicators of fraud remain the same and, if the necessary indicators are available, it is not so difficult to see scammers.

The Bcsfx365 Forex broker was opened in the second half of 2023. This fact already suggests that even if Bcsfx365 are not scammers, this already indicates their lack of competence. The Bcsfx365 office is located in the Cayman Islands, according to the statements of the scammers. This is a typical tax-free zone. Criminals deliberately set up their firms in such grey areas in terms of accountability and the likelihood of being held accountable. It is much more difficult to return funds from organizations with a gray area.

Bcsfx365 has no commissions for transactions and withdrawals, which is already questionable. Bcsfx365 also awards bonuses after registration up to 400% and within the framework of various bonus systems. Even in Bcsfx365, unlike other brokerage firms, they do not ask for documents to confirm their identity. In this regard, anyone can register, even those who are blacklisted.

The key drawback of Bcsfx365 is that they are deceivers. Other weaknesses also do not inspire confidence. Bcsfx365 support service is not responding. Bcsfx365 does not withdraw money and, in principle, it is extremely difficult to withdraw money from Bcsfx365. The old platform is another problem. There is not enough functionality on the platform. Next, we will go through the advantages and disadvantages more thoroughly, and also tell you how to return the money.

Apart from the creation in the dark zone, Bcsfx365 has other attributes of criminals:
1. An impressive number of angry articles on Bcsfx365;
2. A small number of positive articles on Bcsfx365;
3. Positive opinions about this company are fake;
4. The positive reviews on Bcsfx365 are the same and simple, which indicates that they are fake;
5. A large number of negative opinions;
6. Discrepancies between the declared length of service of the organization and the date of registration of the organization and bcsfx365.com;
7. Aggressive marketing and the promise of sky-high profits;
8. Lack of explicitly stated terms of cooperation;
9. A very primitive platform with very few tools, including the most famous;
10. Ignoring by the support service;
11. Lack of licenses and availability of Bcsfx365 in the database of broker regulators;
12. The presence of Bcsfx365 in the black lists of regulatory authorities;
13. It is unrealistic to withdraw funds from Bcsfx365;
14. Annoying behavior of Bcsfx365 representatives.

Everything is clear with the first point, this is one of the most key signs of fraudsters. It must be said that the first negative articles began to appear just a couple of weeks after the appearance of the brokerage firm. At the same time, there are very few favorable reviews on Bcsfx365 and their naturalness is easy to identify. These articles explicitly state that Bcsfx365 is a licensed broker, allows you to earn money, and so on. However, all these promises are not verified by any facts.

All the same applies to reviews of the company. Favorable opinions are left with only open accounts. These reviews are the first reviews from these accounts. The positive ratings of Bcsfx365 in the reviews are also not reasoned by anything, and the angry reviews are supported by screenshots. Negative reviews are left from live accounts that were active before the review was published for this company. The ratio of angry reviews to good reviews is approximately 8 bad reviews to 1 positive.

The reviews on Bcsfx365 in the form of an article are also fake, as you would expect. It's funny that reviews on various web resources do not differ from each other in principle. Apparently, the scammers from Bcsfx365 decided not to bother writing various fake materials. The sameness of the reviews is not the only problem with them. An impressive number of these reviews have been left on forums with a bad reputation.

Curiously, the domain bcsfx365.com it was created last year, although the company claims that they have been providing services for many years. Of course, some office can change their domain, but this is not necessary and given all the other facts, the conclusion is obvious. The managers of the fake broker Bcsfx365 are definitely lying.

In their advertisement, Bcsfx365 promises a minimum monthly income of 500% of the deposit amount. Even very well-known brokerage organizations, which turned out to be a scam, guaranteed less money. Bcsfx365 also offers profit, which is also basically impossible.

All that gives Bcsfx365 is guaranteed to get money. A real brokerage firm that has permits will clearly indicate the scope of work in such ways:
• In the public offer;
• During the first interactions, the managers of the brokerage organization are required to identify the most important issues;
• In addition to the public offer, there must be documents on the brokerage company's website where it is prescribed.
The lack of this all indicates the frivolous level of the company under discussion. Without a doubt, but somehow it shouldn't have been, because the lack of clearly fixed frames means that those who provide these scammers with their phones are most likely that they have no idea how it should be in reality. It's a kind of filter. Such circumstances allow criminals to separate those traders who know how it should be, which means that they need to spend time on them and it will be much harder to cheat.

Bcsfx365 has a primitive platform. Most of the simple technical analysis indicators are missing on it, and this fact also indicates that Bcsfx365 is problematic. Most likely, Bcsfx365 does not even have an idea about such things. If Bcsfx365 had thought even a little bit about the quality of their service, they would eventually have done all the necessary functions due to the requests of investors. In other words, the scammers would have found out about it anyway because of the feedback from the traders.

The Bcsfx365 support service does not, in fact, respond to customer messages under any circumstances. It seems that the support service function basically exists for beauty and nothing more.

This is the most important indicator of fraud. Even bad reviews and everything else are not guaranteed to indicate fraud. Nevertheless, the brokerage company must have at least one license. In principle, European brokers have three or more licenses. The availability of brokerage documents ensures that the financial flows of the brokerage company are controlled by regulatory structures and, if necessary, this money can be frozen. And in order to receive these documents, you need to register a real company with qualified analysts.

From the reviews on Bcsfx365, it is obvious that their method of fraud is one of the most popular. Bcsfx365 was created in an offshore zone and attracts poorly experienced traders. Scammers fake profits on the platform and offer to replenish the victim's account again for as much as possible, arguing that replenishment will increase profits. If a trader shrugs off and tries to withdraw funds, then it is obvious that no one will return the investment to her. The victim receives a call and claims that a commission must be paid for the withdrawal of funds and thus attempts to earn more money.

Bcsfx365 are typical scammers with a full range of indicators ranging from lack of permits to reviews. Bcsfx365 has a primitive platform. There are no documents on the site and the support service is not working. And Bcsfx365 promises super high earnings. Here is a short list of pros and cons
• Low fees;
• Lack of confirmation of documents;
• Give bonuses.

• Bcsfx365 scammers;
• It is very difficult to return the money;
• There are no documents;
• The support service is almost unresponsive

Fortunately, even if you transferred money to scammers in cryptocurrency, you can still return the lost money. How? The global financial system is very interconnected and most of it consists of only a couple dozen international banks. Fraudsters withdraw funds through these banks and, as experience shows, it is realistic to track and return these funds. If there is information about a couple of victims and how much money these traders gave to the scammers, then using these figures it is possible to track a number of financial transactions with identical figures and geographical information. In order to do this, it is necessary to contact a reputable law firm that has the opportunity to send a complaint without delay and competently and thus manage to block the accounts of criminals and return these funds. Fortunately, as experience shows, by contacting forum.pl.jack@gmail.com you get a real chance to get your money back. The statistics of refunds made is 88%. The sooner you write to us, the higher the chance of a refund.

Trading has increasingly become mainstream, and with the rise of social media influencers and the ability to trade from the comfort of your home, more and more people are being sucked into the world of trading.

But let's be honest, part of the reason that trading is so appealing is because of the thrill of making money by predicting the market. However, this is also exactly why there are so many scams in the industry — because scammers know that oftentimes, the desire to make money trumps critical thinking and lets scrupulous people take advantage of unsuspecting victims.

There are countless of examples of these Forex scams, and lately, Webull has been getting some notible bad rep regarding this topic.

Unfortunately, this is not a one-time occurrence with Webull, and even worse, it is not the only way that scammers are taking advantage of the platform.

As a result, in this article, in order to empower individuals to take control of their finances and to make informed decisions, I will explore various ways to identify and avoid falling victim to these types of scams in the future.

Let's get started!


So how can you avoid these scams? Unfortunately, the only 100% full-proof way of avoiding these types of scams is by not trading Forex at all and simply avoiding the risk altogether. However, if you are passionate about trading, there are some critical steps you can take in order to protect yourself from these types of predatory individuals and platforms.

First things first, education is the key to avoiding these types of scams. The most important pieces of information you should know and understand before trading Forex is understanding what Forex is, how it works, and the risks associated with it. You should also understand the fees associated with the platform and any other relevant information pertaining to the platform you are using; in this case, Webull.

While this information can be found on the platform itself, it is also important to fact-check this information and to cross-reference this with other platforms, as well as other sources, such as trusted news sources, and financial experts and educators.

Furthermore, it is imperative to understand the different types of scams that exist in the industry. Not all scams are predatory platforms and expensive fees, some scams can be more sophisticated and nuanced such as signal groups and bots.

It is also important to understand the psychology of a scam, and in particular, the tactics and grooming techniques that scammers use in order to manipulate their victims.

By educating yourself, you will be able to better identify these tactics and hopefully, avoid these scams.

In addition to education, it is important to also do your due diligence when choosing a platform and to research any suspicious claims or entities.

For example, before choosing a platform like Webull, it is important to read reviews and to look for any red flags. In the case of Webull, there are many complaints regarding the platform and its practices. These include, lengthy withdrawal processes (often up to 90 days), hidden fees, and unfair trading. As well, it is important to research the people behind the platform, where they are located, and their credentials and experience.

It is also important to be skeptical of any suspicious claims, especially if they seem too good to be true. In many of these scams, the victims are often the target of "get rich quick" schemes. These schemes often promise unrealistic returns on investments and often use narratives such as limited-time offers and exclusivity in order to pressure individuals into making quick and uninformed decisions that benefit the scammer.

Other red flags include aggressive and pushy sales tactics and unsolicited messages and offers.

Finally, it is important to use critical thinking and independent research in order to avoid these scams. This means not only researching the platforms and reviews of others experiences, but also researching the claims and promises that these entities are making.

Unfortunately, when it comes to Forex trading, nothing is a guarantee and promises and overly-rosy narratives are often clear signs of a scam.

By being informed, skeptical, and diligent, you can avoid falling victim to scams in the Forex market, and most importantly, protect yourself and your finances in the process.

If you have been scammed by this company and don't know how to get your money back - contact us forum.pl.jack@gmail.com. We will help you get justice!

As always, if you have any questions about Forex, trading, or scams, feel free to ask!

"De-dollarization is an inevitable consequence of changes in the global economy, and we must adapt to the new reality." - Christine Lagarde, head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

"We are seeing the beginning of dedollarization. The world is looking for alternatives and this is a challenge for the United States." Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Laureate in Economics.

From this article you will learn:

• Why the dollar is the world's main reserve currency;
• Why many countries want to get rid of the dollar in whole or in part;
• Whether it is really possible to get rid of the dollar;
• What are the successes of dedollarization?

In recent decades, the global economy has faced challenges that raise questions about the structure of the global monetary system. De-dollarization is nothing more than the refusal of countries and economic entities to settle in dollars. Since World War II, the dollar has gained status as the world's dominant reserve and trade currency. Talk of de-dollarization began in the late 1990s in the wake of the so-called dot-com crash and the global financial crisis of the late 21st century. A second wave of discussion and some action began with the explosive growth of the cryptocurrency market and the imposition of sanctions in the wake of Russia's invasion of Ukraine. These policies have both supporters and opponents and have their advantages and disadvantages respectively.

Why does the dollar play such a big role in the world?
At the end of World War II, the US economy accounted for 49% of world GDP and 70% of world industrial production. Such impressive numbers were achieved for two reasons: the partial or complete destruction of other industrial centers in the world, and the growth of the economy through military orders, etc. As a result, the US took advantage of its position and imposed its trade terms on extremely weakened countries, the central element of which was dollar settlement.

The situation remained almost unchanged after the recovery of the global economy. Also at that time, due to the instability of the US economy, the dollar became the main reserve currency.  Even now, the U.S. economy is a strong brand and many believe in its stability, so for many decades the dollar has accounted for more than half of the world's reserves. Reserves are held in various forms, and a large portion of them in the form of U.S. Treasury bonds. U.S. Treasury bonds are the most popular and liquid, so holding them is advantageous for other countries' central banks, as they can quickly sell these bonds and dispose of the money if needed. According to the IMF, at the end of 2023, the share of dollar assets in global foreign exchange reserves was 59.17%.

When and why did the idea of dedollarization emerge?
As mentioned above, the idea itself emerged after the collapse of the Internet bubble. In the second half of the 1990s, with the proliferation of personal computers and the Internet, a number of Internet companies emerged that seemed to be the new Klondike in the eyes of investors. On March 10, 2000, that bubble burst. As a result, investors around the world became concerned about the inflation of new bubbles and the impact of these crises on the global economy. In 2000, the size of the U.S. economy accounted for one-third of the world economy, and the share of transactions in dollars was nearly 70 percent.

The figures show the heavy dependence of the rest of the world on the US. After the collapse of the Internet bubble in 2000, there was a debate in the expert community about dedollarization, even though the collapse of the bubble had no serious consequences for the global economy. However, experts and planners feared for good reason, and after 8 years it became obvious that they were right, as the cause of the global financial crisis came solely from the US, and other countries were not to blame. Besides, many people remembered the US abandonment of the gold standard and the turmoil this decision caused. In 2010, with the development of the cryptocurrency market and the enthusiasm that accompanied this process, the conversation about depolarization was revived with renewed vigor.

There are also two other important reasons for the dedollarization:

• The use of the dollar as a tool to impose sanctions and pressure other countries has become a source of anxiety for some countries, which has been a motivation for the diversification of foreign exchange reserves, especially by Russia and countries of the global South;
• The economic growth of countries such as China and India has made them important players in the global economy. These countries want to reduce their dependence on the dollar, preferring to use their currencies in international transactions;
• Central banks' digital currencies. The introduction of digital central bank currencies, such as the electronic Chinese yuan, represents a new stage in the evolution of the global monetary system.

Has dedollarization been successful?
Despite the crises caused by the dollar's dominance and the fact that talk of dedollarization has been going on for several decades, the success of the policy has been very modest and there has been no dedollarization in terms of world foreign exchange reserves.

Here is the structure of world foreign exchange reserves. As you can see, in 2004 the dollar accounted for about 55%, while by the end of 2022 the dollar will account for 59.17% of the world's foreign exchange reserves.

Reason for the failure of dedollarization
Perhaps the main reason for the failure of this process is the attractiveness of the dollar in international trade. All the most basic and even secondary commodities are sold and bought with dollars. Oil, gas, etc. are exchanged for dollars. Even entire countries with large economies peg their currencies to the dollar, such as Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates and others to a lesser extent. What's more, even trade between two foreign countries can take place in dollars. For example, trade between Italy and Saudi Arabia can be mainly in dollars, and this applies not only to the Middle East, but also to other parts of the world.

Another reason for the dollar's continued dominance is US power in other areas, such as diplomacy, technology, political-military power and, in part, cultural power. Simply put, the US uses leverage to maintain the status quo. For example, by threatening sanctions that would destabilize the country, which in turn could trigger social discontent and threaten the authorities.

Another reason is the lack of serious steps by China. Given the size of the Chinese economy and the interdependence of China and the global economy, much depends on the country's policies in the process. However, according to expert Zoe Liu Zunyuan, the reason for this behavior is that China is unwilling and unable to topple the dollar as the world's reserve currency. The yuan's share of global reserves is very modest at just a few percent. Moreover, more than a third of China's foreign exchange reserves are held in U.S. government bonds. It is important to say that these are approximate figures, as the exact numbers are classified.

BRICS countries' position
In general, BRICS policy toward the dollar can be characterized as moderately critical. While India and South Africa have not taken any action against the dollar, Brazil and Russia are promoting the idea of dedollarization and have been doing so for the second decade. Russia in

Brazilian President Lula da Silva said last year: "Why can't we trade in our own currencies?"
The BRICS countries signed currency agreements and swaps that allowed them to trade and invest using their national currencies, bypassing the dollar. This helped reduce dependence on the dollar in their foreign economic relations. Incidentally, for many years the leaders of the BRICS countries met and discussed the principles of the BRICS common currency.

One of the advantages of such a currency was thought to be protection against devaluation in the event of a rise in the price of the dollar. Unfortunately for the BRICS, most economists say that such a currency is essentially impossible due to the lack of independent central banks in all countries, as well as the lack of a single coordinated monetary policy. As a result, the BRICS single currency project is essentially buried due to the inability of BRICS countries to agree among themselves and build strong and independent financial institutions.

Another important development is the creation of the BRICS Bank, officially known as the New Development Bank (NDB), which was established by these countries to finance infrastructure projects and ensure financial stability. The bank also supports the use of national currencies in credit transactions.

Why won't the euro be able to take away the dollar's dominance in the coming years?
It's much simpler than the Brics. The euro is the second most popular reserve currency after the dollar. The euro accounts for 20 percent of the world's foreign exchange reserves. However, this number almost never changes. In one or two years the number may rise and then fall, and such a cycle continues for many years. Eventually, the euro's share of global foreign exchange reserves remains at 20 percent. The euro is not so popular because, in the eyes of many, the lack of a common treasury and a common stock market introduces great uncertainty. Of course, this will not change in the coming.

Conclusion
Although several currencies can compete with the dollar, in reality only the euro competes with the dollar in global foreign exchange reserves. Due to various problems, the BRICS common currency is an unfeasible project for at least the next few years. Historically, after World War II, the international trade system was based on the dollar due to the dominance of the U.S. economy at the end of World War II. Not much has changed since then, and the dedollarization of global trade has been hampered by several major factors, including the high cost of abolishing the dollar and the ability of the US to slow down the process through its technological, diplomatic and military-political superiority.

"De-dolaryzacja jest nieuniknioną konsekwencją zmian w globalnej gospodarce i musimy dostosować się do nowej rzeczywistości". - Christine Lagarde, szefowa Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego (MFW).

"Obserwujemy początek dedolaryzacji. Świat szuka alternatyw i jest to wyzwanie dla Stanów Zjednoczonych". Joseph Stiglitz, laureat Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie ekonomii.

Z tego artykułu dowiesz się:

• Dlaczego dolar jest główną walutą rezerwową świata;
• Dlaczego wiele krajów chce pozbyć się dolara w całości lub w części;
• Czy naprawdę możliwe jest pozbycie się dolara;
• Jakie są sukcesy dedolaryzacji?

W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach światowa gospodarka stanęła w obliczu wyzwań, które rodzą pytania o strukturę światowego systemu walutowego. Dezdolaryzacja to nic innego jak odmowa krajów i podmiotów gospodarczych rozliczania się w dolarach. Od czasów II wojny światowej dolar zyskał status dominującej waluty rezerwowej i handlowej na świecie. Rozmowy na temat de-dolaryzacji rozpoczęły się pod koniec lat 90. w związku z tzw. krachem dot-comów i globalnym kryzysem finansowym z końca XXI wieku. Druga fala dyskusji i pewnych działań rozpoczęła się wraz z gwałtownym wzrostem rynku kryptowalut i nałożeniem sankcji w związku z inwazją Rosji na Ukrainę. Polityka ta ma zarówno zwolenników, jak i przeciwników i ma odpowiednio swoje zalety i wady.


Dlaczego dolar odgrywa tak dużą rolę na świecie?
Pod koniec II wojny światowej gospodarka Stanów Zjednoczonych odpowiadała za 49% światowego PKB i 70% światowej produkcji przemysłowej. Tak imponujące liczby zostały osiągnięte z dwóch powodów: częściowego lub całkowitego zniszczenia innych ośrodków przemysłowych na świecie oraz wzrostu gospodarki dzięki zamówieniom wojskowym itp. W rezultacie USA wykorzystały swoją pozycję i narzuciły skrajnie osłabionym krajom swoje warunki handlowe, których centralnym elementem było rozliczenie w dolarach.

Sytuacja pozostała prawie niezmieniona po ożywieniu światowej gospodarki. Również w tym czasie, ze względu na niestabilność amerykańskiej gospodarki, dolar stał się główną walutą rezerwową.  Nawet teraz gospodarka USA jest silną marką i wielu wierzy w jej stabilność, więc przez wiele dziesięcioleci dolar stanowi ponad połowę rezerw na świecie. Rezerwy są przechowywane w różnych formach, a duża ich część w postaci amerykańskich obligacji skarbowych. Amerykańskie obligacje skarbowe są najpopularniejsze i najbardziej płynne, więc ich posiadanie jest korzystne dla banków centralnych innych krajów, ponieważ w razie potrzeby mogą one szybko sprzedać te obligacje i dysponować pieniędzmi. Według MFW na koniec 2023 r. udział aktywów dolarowych w światowych rezerwach walutowych wynosił 59,17%.

Kiedy i dlaczego pojawiła się idea dedolaryzacji?
Jak wspomniano powyżej, sam pomysł pojawił się po upadku bańki internetowej. W drugiej połowie lat dziewięćdziesiątych, wraz z upowszechnieniem się komputerów osobistych i Internetu, pojawiło się wiele firm internetowych, które w oczach inwestorów wydawały się być nowym Klondike. W dniu 10 marca 2000 r. bańka ta pękła. W rezultacie inwestorzy na całym świecie zaczęli obawiać się napompowania nowych baniek i wpływu tych kryzysów na światową gospodarkę. W 2000 r. wielkość gospodarki USA stanowiła jedną trzecią gospodarki światowej, a udział transakcji w dolarach wynosił prawie 70 procent.

Liczby te pokazują dużą zależność reszty świata od USA. Po upadku bańki internetowej w 2000 r. w społeczności ekspertów toczyła się debata na temat dedolaryzacji, mimo że upadek bańki nie miał poważnych konsekwencji dla światowej gospodarki. Eksperci i projektanci obawiali się jednak nie bez powodu, a po 8 latach stało się oczywiste, że mieli rację, ponieważ przyczyna globalnego kryzysu finansowego pochodziła wyłącznie z USA, a inne kraje nie były winne. Poza tym wiele osób pamiętało porzucenie przez USA standardu złota i zawirowania, jakie ta decyzja wywołała. W 2010 r., w związku z rozwojem rynku kryptowalut i entuzjazmem, jaki towarzyszył temu procesowi, z nową energią powrócono do rozmów na temat depolaryzacji.

Istnieją również dwa inne ważne powody dedolaryzacji:

• Wykorzystanie dolara jako narzędzia do nakładania sankcji i wywierania presji na inne kraje stało się źródłem niepokoju dla niektórych państw, co było motywacją do dywersyfikacji rezerw walutowych, zwłaszcza przez Rosję i kraje globalnego Południa;
• Wzrost gospodarczy krajów takich jak Chiny i Indie sprawił, że stały się one ważnymi graczami w globalnej gospodarce. Kraje te chcą zmniejszyć swoją zależność od dolara, woląc używać swoich walut w transakcjach międzynarodowych;
• Cyfrowe waluty banków centralnych. Wprowadzenie cyfrowych walut banków centralnych, takich jak elektroniczny chiński juan, stanowi nowy etap w ewolucji globalnego systemu monetarnego.

Czy dedolaryzacja odniosła sukces?
Pomimo kryzysów spowodowanych dominacją dolara i faktu, że rozmowy o dedolaryzacji trwają od kilku dekad, sukces tej polityki jest bardzo skromny i nie ma żadnej dedolaryzacji pod względem światowych rezerw walutowych.

Oto struktura światowych rezerw walutowych. Jak widać, w 2004 r. dolar stanowił około 55%, podczas gdy pod koniec 2022 r. dolar będzie stanowił 59,17% światowych rezerw walutowych.

Powód niepowodzenia dedolaryzacji
Być może głównym powodem niepowodzenia tego procesu jest atrakcyjność dolara w handlu międzynarodowym. Wszystkie najbardziej podstawowe, a nawet drugorzędne towary są sprzedawane i kupowane za dolary. Ropa, gaz itp. są wymieniane na dolary. Nawet całe kraje o dużych gospodarkach wiążą swoje waluty z dolarem, np. Arabia Saudyjska, Bahrajn, Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie i inne w mniejszym stopniu. Co więcej, nawet handel między dwoma krajami trzecimi może odbywać się w dolarach. Na przykład handel między Włochami a Arabią Saudyjską może odbywać się głównie w dolarach i dotyczy to nie tylko Bliskiego Wschodu, ale także innych części świata.

Innym powodem ciągłej dominacji dolara jest potęga USA w innych obszarach, takich jak dyplomacja, technologia, siła polityczno-wojskowa i częściowo kulturowa. Mówiąc prościej, Stany Zjednoczone wykorzystują dźwignię finansową, aby utrzymać status quo. Na przykład grożąc sankcjami, które zdestabilizowałyby kraj, co z kolei mogłoby wywołać niezadowolenie społeczne i zagrozić władzom.

Innym powodem jest brak poważnych kroków ze strony Chin. Ze względu na wielkość chińskiej gospodarki i współzależność Chin i gospodarki światowej, wiele zależy od polityki tego kraju w omawianym procesie. Jednak według eksperta Zoe Liu Zunyuan, powodem takiego zachowania jest to, że Chiny nie chcą i nie mogą obalić dolara jako światowej waluty rezerwowej. Udział juana w światowych rezerwach jest bardzo skromny i wynosi zaledwie kilka procent. Ponadto ponad jedna trzecia chińskich rezerw walutowych jest utrzymywana w amerykańskich obligacjach rządowych. Ważne jest, aby powiedzieć, że są to dane przybliżone, ponieważ dokładne liczby są niejawne.

Stanowisko krajów BRICS
Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, politykę BRICS wobec dolara można scharakteryzować jako umiarkowanie krytyczną. Podczas gdy Indie i RPA nie podjęły żadnych działań przeciwko dolarowi, Brazylia i Rosja promują ideę dedolaryzacji i robią to już drugą dekadę. Rosja w

Prezydent Brazylii Lula da Silva powiedział w zeszłym roku: "Dlaczego nie możemy handlować w naszych własnych walutach?".
Kraje BRICS podpisały umowy walutowe i swapy, które umożliwiły im prowadzenie handlu i inwestycji przy użyciu walut krajowych, z pominięciem dolara. Pomogło to zmniejszyć zależność od dolara w ich zagranicznych stosunkach gospodarczych. Nawiasem mówiąc, przez wiele lat przywódcy krajów BRICS spotykali się i omawiali zasady wspólnej waluty BRICS.

Jedną z zalet takiej waluty uważano za ochronę przed dewaluacją w przypadku wzrostu ceny dolara. Niestety dla BRICS, większość ekonomistów twierdzi, że taka waluta jest zasadniczo niemożliwa ze względu na brak niezależnych banków centralnych we wszystkich krajach, a także brak jednej skoordynowanej polityki pieniężnej. W rezultacie projekt wspólnej waluty BRICS jest zasadniczo pogrzebany z powodu niezdolności krajów BRICS do porozumienia się między sobą i zbudowania silnych i niezależnych instytucji finansowych.

Kolejnym ważnym wydarzeniem jest utworzenie Banku BRICS, oficjalnie znanego jako Nowy Bank Rozwoju (NDB), który został utworzony przez te kraje w celu finansowania projektów infrastrukturalnych i zapewnienia stabilności finansowej. Bank wspiera również wykorzystanie walut krajowych w transakcjach kredytowych.

Dlaczego euro nie będzie w stanie odebrać dominacji dolarowi w nadchodzących latach?
To znacznie prostsze niż w przypadku Brics. Euro jest drugą najpopularniejszą walutą rezerwową po dolarze. Euro stanowi 20 procent światowych rezerw walutowych. Jednak liczba ta prawie nigdy się nie zmienia. W ciągu jednego lub dwóch lat liczba ta może wzrosnąć, a następnie spada i taki cykl trwa przez wiele lat. Ostatecznie udział euro w światowych rezerwach walutowych pozostaje na poziomie 20 procent. Euro nie jest tak popularne, ponieważ w oczach wielu brak wspólnego skarbu państwa i wspólnej giełdy wprowadza dużą niepewność. Oczywiście nie zmieni się to w nadchodzących latach.

Wnioski
Chociaż kilka walut może konkurować z dolarem, w rzeczywistości tylko euro konkuruje z dolarem w światowych rezerwach walutowych. Ze względu na różne problemy, wspólna waluta BRICS jest niewykonalnym projektem przez co najmniej kilka następnych lat. Historycznie rzecz biorąc, po II wojnie światowej system handlu międzynarodowego opierał się na dolarze ze względu na dominację amerykańskiej gospodarki pod koniec II wojny światowej. Od tego czasu niewiele się zmieniło, a dedolaryzację światowego handlu utrudnia kilka poważnych czynników, w tym wysokie koszty zniesienia dolara i zdolność USA do spowolnienia tego procesu dzięki swojej przewadze w sferze technologicznej, dyplomatycznej i wojskowo-politycznej.

Компания успешно работает несколько лет. Она имеет все необходимые лицензии, разрешения, подтверждающие законность деятельности на территории Великобритании и Европы. Учитывая многочисленные положительные отзывы о Integra Asset Management, можно сказать, что компания имеет хорошую репутацию. Integraassetmanagement.com никогда не подозревался в мошенничестве, ибо с выплатами ни у кого не возникало проблем. Есть информирование о рисках, а в команде посредника работают настоящие профессионалы, которые не инициируют контакт первыми и не названивают со скрытых номеров. Брокер Integra Asset Management доказал добросовестность прозрачными условиями, внимательным отношением, оперативностью службы поддержки. Компания предоставляет актуальные данные, ежедневно обновляет аналитические материалы, публикует комментарии экспертов. У нее есть официальный сайт, а также мобильное приложение.

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• выбрать тип счета. Деньги можно внести после того, как Форекс Integraassetmanagement.com проведет проверку данных и пришлет соответствующее уведомление на почту. Для проведения транзакций, он предлагает использовать проверенные платежные системы.

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В положительных отзывах о Integraassetmanagement.com упоминалось, что здесь одинаково комфортно себя чувствуют как новички, так и профессионалы. Еще, компания  подходит для тех, кто готов выделять на торги не более двух часов в день. Integra Asset Management не развод, ибо законность подтверждена документами и выплатами.